Greater Manchester - the 1992 General Election

This map shows roughly how Greater Manchester voted in the 1992 general election. It's based on the current constituency map which has changed since then so it's not exact. Generally this is a region where the Labour vote has to be weighed rather than counted, but it used to be a lot bluer than it is now.

Clearly the inner core is red. Salford East (11,000); Manchester Blackley (12,500); Manchester Central (18,000); Manchester Gorton (16,000); Manchester Withington (9,000); Stretford (11,000). These are the five inner-most seats with the difference between the Labour and the Tory vote in brackets.

But it's not a simple case of a Labour core and a Tory periphery. Manchester Withington had been held by the Tories from 1931 until as recently as 1987.

Labour's biggest strongholds were on the outskirts:

• Wigan (22,000), Leigh (19,000) and Makerfield (18,000) in the far west 
• Worsley (10,000), Eccles (13,000) and Bolton South East (12,500) in the near west 
• Ashton-under-Lyne (11,000), Denton & Reddish (12,000) and Stalybridge & Hyde (15,000) in the east
• Heywood & Middleton (8,000), Oldham West (8,000) and Oldham Central & Royton (8,000) in the north/north-east
• Manchester Wythenshawe (10,000) in the south 

The main Tory strongholds on the peripheries

MORE TO FOLLOW...

[Notes...]

Cheadle was Tories (32,500), Lib Dems (16,700), Labour (6,400). This is of course only the tip of the Cheshire iceberg, now split into Cheadle (8) and Hazel Grove (11) in the south-east corner of the map.

The south-west corner is also strongly Tory here. Altringham & Sale (1) was Tories (29,000), Labour (12,200), Lib Dems (11,600).

Irish Manchester in 1991

This is a map of Irish settlement in Manchester in 1991 from an old copy of the Irish Echo, available at the Moving Here Migration Histories website. The top ten postcodes are:

1. M14 (2,352)
2. M19 (2,122)
3. M20 (1,972)
4. M32 (1,546)
5. M33 (1,505)
6. M16 (1,454)
7. M25 (1,432)
8. M10 (1,399)
9. M21 (1,325)
10. M13 (1,322)

M14 is Fallowfield, Moss Side, Rusholme, Ladybarn; M19 is Levenshulme, Burnage, Heaton Mersey, Heaton Chapel, Reddish; M20 is Didsbury, Withington; M32 is Stretford; M33 is Sale, Brooklands; M16 is Firswood, Old Trafford, Whalley Range.

So the top six postcodes are all clustered around south Manchester.

M25 (where I grew up) is Prestwich, Sedgley Park, Simister. What used to be M10 (now M40) is Collyhurst, Miles Platting, Moston, New Moston, Newton Heath. These two postcodes are north Manchester.

M21 is Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Barlow Moor; M13 (as Ian Brown famously sang) is Ardwick, Longsight, Chorlton-on-Medlock. Both postcodes are in south Manchester.

This clearly shows that the Irish settled, at least in recent years, mainly in south Manchester, around the two football stadiums, Old Trafford and Maine Road, and the university. It follows that despite a widespread perception of Manchester United as a 'Catholic' club (especially from the 1930s to the 1960s), lots of Manchester Irish would support City, members of the band Oasis being the classic example (although we shouldn't forget Johnny Marr from the Smiths).

It also suggests that the north and south of Manchester are the immigrant areas. The north is actually more of an immigrant area than is suggested in the information above. The Irish World Heritage Centre is located in Cheetham Hill, probably the area of Manchester most defined by various waves of immigration.

Old Trafford and Russian Constructivism

I've just finished reading the Manchester chapter in Owen Hatherley's A Guide to the New Ruins of Great Britain and was really struck by this passage about getting to Salford:

You could cross [the Irwell] via the swanky bridge designed by instant regenerator Santiago Calatrava but to get the true measure of the place it's best approached through the bleak dual carriageways, retail parks, office complexes and industrial estates of Trafford, where you get to see the bizarre Yeltsin-Constructivism of Old Trafford Stadium, redesigned by local architects Atherden Fuller in the late 1990s. This freakish mix of domineering symmetries and bared structure is heralded by a statue of Denis Law, George Best and Bobby Charlton, the United Trinity locked in embrace. Their faithfully rendered skinny bodies and skimpy 1960s kit contrasts vividly with today's lumbering soccer supermen, leaving them looking dainty and rather camp, with a slight mince to their celebratory pose.

I Googled the phrase "Yeltsin-Constructivism" to find out what it meant and came across what must have been an earlier draft of the same paragraph, in which he talks about "the bizarre Yeltsin-Constructivism of Old Trafford, where domineering symmetries, bared structure and outrageously kitsch statues prove the enduring ridiculousness of the world's least interesting football team."

It's worth pointing out that in the book itself, Hatherley makes clear his apparent lack of interest in football-in-general when he complains about the conversion of the Urbis building into the National Football Museum: "It's difficult to imagine any fate more depressing."

Luckily, what Hatherley appears to lack in interest in football (and its role in the city's regneration), he makes up for in his architectural descriptions. He appears to be the only person to ever have used the term "Yeltsin-Constructivism" and what a great, unique way to describe what is probably Manchester's most iconic and important building, the centre of a global commercial empire and (despite what Hatherley appears to think) probably the most enduring narrative in world football.

It makes you wonder whether the architects consciously had the idea of some sort of postmodern 1990s form of Russian Constructivism in mind when they redesigned the stadium. Whilst there is no record (on Google) of anyone using the term "Yeltsin-Constructivism," there is a group called the New Constructivists, whose aim is to explore constructivism's "stylistic relevance to the contemporary world in terms of the use of line, planes, precision and formal ordering of visual elements."

This wouldn't have been the first time Manchester United have been associated with the imagery of the Soviet Union, and I don't mean the Red Army's 1974 "plan to invade Manchester." United fans have long referred to themselves as the Red Army. The Republic of Mancunia has recently become a popular slogan, with its attendant image of clenched fists and red stars (not to mention the occassional hammer and sickle). In a recent article on the football website In Bed With Maradona on Manchester United's left-wing tendency, I suggested that this may have stemmed from the industrial character of the area around Old Trafford (visited in 1961 by the cosmonaut Yuri Gargarin).

It's hard to imagine any other area in the UK making such a play on this perceived left-wing identity - "red" in more than one sense of the word. The irony is obvious and many have pointed it out in response to the IBWM article. The club whose fans align themselves with the imagery (if not necessarily the politics) of the far left (possibly reflected in the design of the stadium), are also famously successful at global marketing and closely identified with huge sponsorship deals with the likes of insurance giants AON, car manufacturers Chevrolet, logistics firm DHL and watchmakers Hublot. A far cry (as Hatherley seems to be hinting at) from the innocent world of Law, Best and Charlton, modest salaries and sponsorless shirts.

Football is the global sport and Manchester United are its common currency. Its brand strategists have successfully tapped that huge market and Old Trafford is the symbolic centre of what I earlier described and what can only be described as an empire. It stands alongside the Nou Camp, the Bernabeu and the San Siro as a monument to European club football's global dominance. With the term "Yeltsin-Constructivism," Owen Hatherley may have summed up its unusual aesthetic.

A football map of Europe (avg attendances)

This map shows the 12 biggest derbies in Europe (marked in red), based on combined average attendance figures for both clubs throughout the season, where a derby is defined as a match between two clubs whose stadiums are within 5 miles of each other.* The yellow markers show the 13 individual clubs with the highest average attendance who didn't make the list.

*The 5 mile criteria allows us to define Arsenal vs. Spurs as a derby but not Arsenal vs. Chelsea (whose stadiums are 6.4 miles apart). Of the derbies (outside London) which would have made the list had the distance criteria been different, Newcastle United vs. Sunderland (10 miles apart), Hertha Berlin vs. Union Berlin (14 miles apart), Borussia Dortmund vs. Schalke (17 miles apart), the Berlin derby is the only one-city derby, but the combined average attendance of the Revierderby would make it the largest in Europe.

Click on the map or here to zoom in and see the figures.

Manchester derby the biggest in Europe

Europe's biggest derbies by combined average attendance 

1	Manchester United	75,387	Manchester City	47,044	122,431	4
2	Real Madrid	74,836	Atletico Madrid	45,236	120,072	4
3	FC Barcelona	78,340	RCD Espanyol	26,826	105,166	3.3
4	Milan	51,442	Internazionale	47,913	99,355	0
5	Celtic	50,904	Rangers	46,324	97,288	4
6	Arsenal	60,000	Tottenham Hotspur	36,026	96,026	3.8
7	Bayern Munich	69,000	TSV Munchen 1860	22,898	91,898	0
8	Liverpool	44,253	Everton	33,228	77,481	0.6
9	Benfica	42,464	Sporting CP	34,490	76,954	1.4
10	Hamburg SV	53,465	St. Pauli	23,220	76,685	3.6
11	Real Betis	37,405	Seville	35,684	73,089	2
12	Roma	35,240	Lazio	32,444	67,687	0
13	Chelsea	41,478	Fulham	25,293	66,771	1.4
14	Aston Villa	33,873	West Brom	24,793	58,666	3.3
15	VfB Stuttgart	55,090	Stuttgarter Kickers	3,561	58,651	3.3
16	Juventus	37,545	Torino	15,897	53,442	4.7
17	Feyenoord	44,605	Sparta Rotterdam	7,089	51,694	4.2

The table above shows Europe's biggest derbies based on combined average attendances throughout the 2011-2012 season (i.e. not just for the derby matches themselves but for all matches). I've defined a derby as a match between two teams whose stadiums are within 5 miles of each other. With a combined average attendance of 69,573 the derby between Hertha Berlin and Union Berlin would have made the list but the clubs' stadiums are 14.4 miles apart. I would be very interested to know if there are other derbies which people think would make the list based on these criteria. The stadiums of Borussia Dortmund and Schalke are 17 miles apart but their combined average attendance of 141,739 would make it the biggest derby in Europe. Newcastle United and Sunderland have a combined average attendance of 89,030 but their stadiums are 10 miles apart.